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GMAT題型：尋找錯誤

根據推理線路，可以針對三個推理過程，依次分三個層次來尋找錯誤：

(1)非營利組織的因果推理(causality)存疑：非營利組織員工的工作動因可能來自于其他原因，而不只是某種信念。例如，非營利組織中的固定員工也是實行薪酬制的，所以，他們積極工作的眾多理由中，當然包括謀生，而且，相對于賺錢盈利而言，賑災扶貧等花錢的工作還是相對容易的。

(2)非營利組織與營利組織的可比性(comparability)存疑：即使該汽車制造公司將一部分利潤投入公益，仍然不能回避這兩種組織存在的固有差異，導致經驗不可借鑒。例如，營利組織的員工多為中青年人，生活壓力大，需要更多的是利益驅動，來改善生活、養育后代;非營利組織的員工中的志愿者多為老年人或者學生，生活壓力較小，需要的是發揮余熱或者學習經驗。

(3)營利組織的對未來草率預期(expectation)存疑：即使投資公益能夠帶來員工工作更加積極主動的結果，進一步認為這樣就能提高整體利潤水平(overall profit)是沒有根據的。因為利潤等于收入減成本，而這兩個變量從原文中無從得知，所以，有可能因為政府稅率的提高，而使得利潤降低或持平。

The following appeared in a memorandum from the head of a human resources department at a major automobile manufacturing company to the company's managers:

“Studies have found that employees of not-for-profit organizations and charities are often more highly motivated than employees of for-profit corporations to perform well at work when their performance is not being monitored or evaluated. Interviews with employees of not-for-profit organizations suggest that the reason for their greater motivation is the belief that their work helps to improve society. Because they believe in the importance of their work, they have personal reasons to perform well, even when no financial reward is present. Thus, if our corporation began donating a significant portion of its profits to humanitarian causes, our employees’ motivation and productivity would increase substantially and our overall profitswould increase as well.”

題目分析

通過對非營利(not-for-profit)組織員工激勵因素的分析，文章將員工努力工作動因(greater motivation)歸結為某種位公益服務的信念(the belief)。進而，建議贏利組織向非營利組織借鑒經驗。原文推理線路(reasoning line)如下：

∵ not-for-profit: the belief àgreater motivation (1)

又∵ not-for-profit = for-profit (2)

∴ for-profit: the belief àmotivation and productivity àmore profit (3)