現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)重要時(shí)態(tài)，是過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。小編為大家整理了一系列現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，一起來(lái)看看吧!

(一)肯定式

主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞have /has +過(guò)去分詞+其它

說(shuō)明：這里的have /has是助動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有什么具體意義。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞用has,其余人稱(chēng)一律用have。 has,have的縮略式分別為's或've.

規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成與過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成方式一樣，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞可參看不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表.實(shí)例：

1)I've just copied all the new words. 我剛抄寫(xiě)了所有的生詞。(表示不要再抄了)

2)She has lost her books. 她丟失了她的書(shū)。(表示到目前為止還沒(méi)有找到)

(如果用過(guò)去時(shí)：She lost her books. 則強(qiáng)調(diào)書(shū)是過(guò)去丟的這一動(dòng)作，而不知現(xiàn)在有沒(méi)有找到)

3)We've just cleaned the classroom. 我們剛好打掃了教室。(表明現(xiàn)在教室是干凈的)

(二)否定式

主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞have /has+not+過(guò)去分詞+其它

說(shuō)明：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)構(gòu)成否定句時(shí),只需在助動(dòng)詞have/has后面加not就行。have not,has not的縮略式分別為haven't，hasn't。另外，肯定句中有some，already時(shí)，改為否定時(shí)要分別改成any，yet。實(shí)例：

1)I haven't finished my homework yet.我還沒(méi)有完成我的作業(yè).

2)She hasn't travelled on a train. 她沒(méi)有坐火車(chē)旅行過(guò)。

3)We have never spoken to a foreigner. 我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有和外國(guó)人說(shuō)過(guò)話(huà)。

注：有時(shí)not可以用never代替，表示“從來(lái)沒(méi)有”的意思。又如：

4)I have never seen him before. 以前我從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。

(三)一般疑問(wèn)式

助動(dòng)詞Have /Has +主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其它 ?

說(shuō)明：把陳述句中的have或has放到句首,句末打問(wèn)號(hào),同時(shí)把句中的some ,already改為any ,ye t就構(gòu)成了一般疑問(wèn)句.

肯定回答用“Yes ,主語(yǔ)+have/has.否定回答用“No,主語(yǔ)+haven't/hasn't.”

有時(shí)也可以用“No,not yet./No ,never./No,not even once.”等.實(shí)例：

1)—Have you ever made dumplings ?你曾經(jīng)做過(guò)餃子嗎?

—Yes ,I have .是的,我做過(guò).

2)—Has she ever been abroad ?她曾經(jīng)出過(guò)國(guó)嗎?

—No,never.不,從來(lái)沒(méi)有.

3)—Have they found the lost books yet ?他們已經(jīng)找到了丟失的書(shū)嗎?

—Yes ,they have.是的,他們找到了.

注意：當(dāng)句中有否定詞not ,hardly(幾乎不),never的時(shí)候,在改為反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí),附加部分用肯定形式.

例如：You have never come to our school, have you? 你以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有來(lái)過(guò)我們學(xué)校，是嗎?

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法

(一)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法1：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果.此時(shí),常與時(shí)間副詞already(已經(jīng)) ,yet(還、已經(jīng)) ,just(剛剛、僅僅) ,ever(曾經(jīng)) ,never(從不) ,before(以前)等連用.這幾個(gè)副詞的用法如下：

1.already意為“已經(jīng)”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助動(dòng)詞之后,過(guò)去分詞之前,也可以放在句末。實(shí)例：

1)I've already read this book. 我已經(jīng)讀過(guò)這本書(shū)了.

“讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是“知道書(shū)中的內(nèi)容”。

2)I've washed my clothes already.我已經(jīng)洗了衣服。

洗衣服的動(dòng)作已完成,其結(jié)果是“衣服冼干凈了”。

注意：在表示吃驚或明知故問(wèn)等感情色彩時(shí),already也可用于(口語(yǔ))疑問(wèn)句中。實(shí)例：

3)Have you met him already ?你(真的)已經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)他了?

2.yet用在疑問(wèn)句中意為“已經(jīng)”,用在否定句中意為“還”,常放在句末。實(shí)例：

1)—Has he found his watch yet ?他已經(jīng)找到他的手表了嗎?

—No,not yet.不,還沒(méi)有.

2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .那位婦女還沒(méi)有找到她的狗。(沒(méi)找到狗,心里著急,這就是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響)

3.just意為“剛剛”,表示行為剛剛過(guò)去,常放在助動(dòng)詞與過(guò)去分詞之間。實(shí)例：

He has just come back from school. 他剛從學(xué)校回來(lái)。

4.ever意為“曾經(jīng)”,用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中，放在助動(dòng)詞與過(guò)去分詞之間。實(shí)例：

1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong? 你曾去過(guò)香港嗎?

2)I haven't ever spoken to her. 我未曾和她說(shuō)過(guò)話(huà)。

5.never意為“從來(lái)沒(méi)有”常與before連用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助動(dòng)詞與過(guò)去分詞之間)。實(shí)例：

I have never travelled by plane before.我以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有乘飛機(jī)旅行過(guò)。

6.before意為“以前”,指過(guò)去不確定的某個(gè)時(shí)間,總是放在句末,不受句型的限制。實(shí)例：

1)Have you been to Hainan before? 你以前去過(guò)海南嗎?

2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before. 我以前沒(méi)吃過(guò)廣東菜。

(二)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法二2——持續(xù)性用法(肯定句,疑問(wèn)句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)：表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).此時(shí)常與“for +一段時(shí)間、或“since+過(guò)去的點(diǎn)時(shí)間或從句(從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí))以及so far(到目前為止)等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

for + 段時(shí)間

since +點(diǎn)時(shí)間

實(shí)例：

1)I've lived here since 1990.自從1990年以來(lái)我就住在這里。

= I've lived here since 13 years ago.

= I've lived here for 13 years.

= It is 13 years since I began to live here.

2)I haven't seen him for three years .我三年沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)他了。

= I haven't seen him since three years ago.

= I haven't seen him since 2000.

= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.

3)Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city.

自從到這個(gè)城市以來(lái),王先生一直在這家工廠(chǎng)工作。

4)She's been at this school since five years ago.

自從五年前以來(lái)她就在這個(gè)學(xué)校.

注意：①在這類(lèi)句子的肯定句和疑問(wèn)句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。短暫性動(dòng)詞由于動(dòng)作不能持續(xù),故不能與for(達(dá)到;累計(jì))或since(自從...到現(xiàn)在)引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.

②對(duì)for和since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)要用How long

1) 他入團(tuán)兩年了.

誤：He has joined the League for two years.

正：He has been a League member for two years.

2)我買(mǎi)這輛自行車(chē)三年了.

誤：I have bought this bike for three years.

正：I have had this bike for three years.

2) ▲部分短暫性動(dòng)詞與之對(duì)應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：

短暫性動(dòng)詞 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞

die → be dead

borrow → keep

buy/catch → have

get up → be up

come → be in

finish → be over

leaver → be away

open → be open

close → be closed

begin → be on

become interested in → be interested in

有人可能會(huì)問(wèn)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，那么這兩種時(shí)態(tài)有什么區(qū)別呢?

☆答：①一般過(guò)去時(shí)與具體的表示過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如：yesterday連用;強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。

②現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與自已的特征詞連用,強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或過(guò)去開(kāi)始發(fā)生一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。

例： He saw the film last night. (過(guò)去時(shí),表示他昨晚看過(guò)那部電影了，現(xiàn)在不知還要不要再看一次)

He has (ever) seen the film before.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表時(shí)他已看過(guò)那部電影，現(xiàn)在不想再看了)

用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

1)It is the first / second time…. that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2)This is the… that…結(jié)構(gòu),that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

這是我看過(guò)的較好的電影.

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.

這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌.